Now lets break them down……
A map and compass assists one in not getting lost in the field. Losing one’s bearing in unfamiliar terrain raises the risk of anxiety and panic, and hence, physical injury. Maps that cover the relevant area in sufficient detail and dimension (topography, trails, roads, campsites, towns, etc.) and the skill and knowledge to use them are indispensable when traveling through the outdoors, especially when the place of travel lacks signage, markings or guides. Even a basic compass can help an individual find his way to safety.
Sunglasses help prevent snow blindness. Sunlight, especially when reflected in snow, can seriously limit visibility, and jeopardize one’s ability to travel safely. Sunglasses also help prevent any possible eye injury inflicted by tree branches, flying debris, and other possible hazards while traveling on foot. And of course they also just keep all that sun out of your eyes!
Sunscreen is a lotion, spray, gel or other topical product that absorbs or reflects some of the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the skin exposed to sunlight and thus helps protect against sunburn. Sunburn is a very uncomfortable thing, and while it may not ruin a whole trip, it very well can ruin some of it.
A Sun hat is a hat which shades the face and shoulders from the sun. The sun can burn your head and shoulders so you can use the sun hat to protect your head and shoulders from harmful ultraviolet rays. Sun hats can range from small to large brims. Sun hats can be also certified to a seal that is physician endorsed and the brim is usually 4 to 7 inches and shades the face and shoulders and neck.
Extra food and water can prevent or cure hypothermia and dehydration, common illness that can be serious risks in the back country where immediate medical response is not possible. These items also minimize the likelihood of panic. It is not recommended that one eat food when there is no water, as the body requires water to metabolize food. It is recommended that you carry at least one extra meal, and up to an extra full days worth of food. This all depends on the trip underway.